The development of oil extraction technology The large-scale extraction and application of oil and natural gas is a matter of nearly a hundred years. The United States and Russia began their respective modern oil and gas extraction industries in the 1850s. Other countries are a little later. The development of oil extraction technology is closely related to the development of mathematics, mechanics, geology, physics, mechanical engineering, electronics and other disciplines. It can be roughly divided into three stages:

Early stage From the end of the 19th century to the 1930s. With the advent of the internal combustion engine, there is an urgent requirement for fuel. The main technical mark at this stage is the exploitation of natural energy. The average oil recovery rate is only 15-20%, the drilling depth is not large, and the means of observing oil reservoirs are only simple thermometers and pressure gauges.

The second stage from the end of the 1930s to the end of the 1950s was marked by the establishment of a theoretical system for oilfield development. The main content is:

① Formed rock mechanics as the theoretical basis of drilling engineering;

②The system of reservoir physics and seepage mechanics has been basically established, and the water injection technology of artificially supplementing reservoir energy is generally adopted. In the Soviet Union, the technology of early water injection to maintain formation pressure was widely used, which increased the ultimate oil recovery from 15 to 20% in the 1930s to more than 30%. Drilling technology for ultra-deep wells above meters. Oil stabilization technology based on oil and gas phase equilibrium theory is widely used in mine gathering and transportation technology. A system of applied science and engineering technology related to the development and exploitation of oil and gas fields has been basically established.

The third stage Begins in the 1960s, marked by the widespread use of electronic computers and modern science and technology in the development of oil and gas fields, the development technology has developed rapidly. The main aspects are:

①The established sedimentary facies models of various oil layers improve the ability to predict the heterogeneity and continuity of oil storage sand bodies, so that well positions and development work can be arranged more economically and effectively;

②Apply the nuclear technology in modern physics to logging to form radioactive logging technology, which, together with the original electrical logging technology and the new production logging series, can be used to directly determine the properties of oil, gas and water in the reservoir. distribution, and more effective measures can be taken at different development stages;

③Have a deeper understanding of the surface phenomena that play a role in the oil and gas recovery process inside the oil and gas reservoir and the laws of multiphase seepage in porous media, and explain these phenomena from qualitative to quantitative according to physical and mathematical models. (see Reservoir Numerical Simulation), tested and developed new technologies for enhanced oil recovery in addition to water injection;

④The optimized drilling technology based on jet drilling and balanced drilling developed rapidly. Drilling speed has been greatly improved. Various special types of wells can be drilled, including cluster wells, directional wells, and even horizontal wells, plus high-quality mud to minimize oil layer pollution during drilling;

⑤ The application of large-scale acid fracturing technology enables many oil and gas reservoirs with no economic value in the past, especially tight gas reservoirs, to be put into development, which greatly increases the utilization of natural resources. Difficulties caused by sand production, wax deposition and high water cut in oil wells have been largely resolved (see Heavy Oil Production, Oil Well Wax Control and Wax Removal, Oil Well Sand Control and Sand Removal, Water-Oil Ratio Control);

⑥Injecting steam into the oil layer, the application of thermal recovery technology has made many heavy oil reservoirs put into development;

⑦Automation and electronic monitoring of oil and gas separation technology and gas processing technology can reduce the loss of oil and gas gathering and transportation in the mine to a very low level, and can provide higher quality products.